amd64 instructions

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Values

• Immediate, numbers
• register, existing registers
• memory, memory addresses

Move

• MOV, from source to destination
• LEA, loads memory address and stores it in the destination. Address can have an offset. Does not dereference [var] or [var+x]
• PUSH & POP, put & delete registers to/from stack.

Arithmetic

• INC, increment
• DEC, decrement
• ADD
• SUB, substracts source from dest and stores in dest
• MUL & IMUL, result may be stored in upper and lower halfs (rdx:rax)
• DIV & IDIV, rax is divided by rbx and may be stored in two halfs as well

Conditionals

• RET, return value to the caller
• CMP, compare two values and sets flag. Next instruction is a jump condition to a line number. Works as follows
  • JE, JEZ, JLE ... followed by linenumber
• NOP, \x90
• CALL a function

Address Handling

• [var], memory address of var.
  • If var contains an address then after mov [var], 42 var points to the value 42. [ dereference.

Zero Handling in Registers

• Move to eax will result in zeroing the upper 32 bit of an rax register, move to ax, ah, al will not.
• MOVZX zeros anything but the value moved to the register inside of it.

Jumps

• For signed value comparison

  • JL/JNGE (SF <> OF) ; Jump if less/not greater or equal
  • JGE/JNL (SF = OF) ; Jump if greater or equal/not less
  • JLE/JNG (ZF = 1 or SF <> OF); Jump if less or equal/not greater
  • JG/JNLE (ZF = 0 and SF = OF); Jump if greater/not less or equal

• For unsigned value comparison

  • JB/JNAE (CF = 1) ; Jump if below/not above or equal
  • JAE/JNB (CF = 0) ; Jump if above or equal/not below
  • JBE/JNA (CF = 1 or ZF = 1) ; Jump if below or equal/not above
  • JA/JNBE (CF = 0 and ZF = 0); Jump if above/not below or equal

Flags

• eflags 32bit
• rflags 64bit

Status

• Zero Flag (ZF), 1 if the result of the comparison is equal.
• Carry Flag (CF), a 1 is stored if a carry is needed after a calculation.
• Overflow Flag (OF), register overflow is 1
• Sign Flag (SF), 1 if result is negative.
• Adjust/Auxiliary Flag (AF), carry flag for BCD.
• Parity Flag (PF), 1 if the last 8 bits are even.
• Trap Flag (TF)

Calling Conventions

cdecl

fastcall

• First four are passed left to right
• int -> RCX, RDX, R8, R9
• float -> XMM0, XMM1, XMM2, XMM3
• Rest is right to left
• Basepointer is saved by the caller
• Return values is passes via rax or xmm0
• Caller allocates space for at least four values, so 32 bytes are reserved. $rsp to $rsp+0x18
• Volatile registers are rax, rcx, r8, r9, r10, r11, xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3, xmm4, xmm5. These are destroyed after function call.
• Nonvolatile registers are rbx, rbp, rdi, rsi, rsp, r12, r13, r14, r15, xmm6-15 ares saved and restored after function call.