An art passed down from the ancestors. Its most visible interface: The Shell. Its name: The Unix Philosophy.
Coined by Doug McIlroy in the Bell System Technical Journal as a foreword to the UNIX Time-Sharing System. There is an even more concise version[1] and according to Eric Steven Raymond this is [2]:
“This is the Unix philosophy: Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface.”
— Doug McIlroy —
In some way, this is similar to the concept of the on vogue philosophy of microservices everywhere. Services are written to do one thing and do it well. They work together. Also, text is the connecting link between programs, services, and humans. The possibility to read a program’s output as text seems benign, as long as everything is working well. The advantage is interactivity at any time, testability of every component, and debuggability at every step of the process in an on the fly manner. Impromptu, out of reflex like a punch.
stdout is put into the stdin of program B. This leaves us with a single line of chained, well-defined programs to solve a problem that would otherwise be an extensive, multi-line program in any programming language of your choice.
Let’s say we’ve got two programs. The first is one is fortune, the fortune cookie program from BSD games, which outputs random quotes as text. The second one is cowsay, which displays various kinds of animals as ASCII art. In order to work in a coherent manner a | is used. The pipe connects the first one to the second one.
❯ fortune | cowsay
_________________________________________
/ Gil-galad was an Elven-king. Of him the \
| harpers sadly sing: the last whose |
| realm was fair and free between the |
| Mountains and the Sea. |
| |
| His sword was long, his lance was keen, |
| his shining helm afar was seen; the |
| countless stars of heaven's field were |
| mirrored in his silver shield. |
| |
| But long ago he rode away, and where he |
| dwelleth none can say; for into |
| darkness fell his star in Mordor where |
| the shadows are. |
| |
\ -- J. R. R. Tolkien /
-----------------------------------------
\ ^__^
\ (oo)\_______
(__)\ )\/\
||----w |
|| ||
To mix in some colors pipe everything through lolcat. Try it out!
❯ fortune | cowsay | lolcat
So far so good, let us gain some real-world practice.
❯ head -n 42 /dev/urandom | tr -cd '[:alnum:]' | cut -c-12
So, what is going on here? Everything is a file, that is the way *nix systems see it, even the device which puts out random data. To read the upper part of a file we use head. It will be sent to stdout and displayed via the shell. Parameter -n reads exactly 42 lines of the file given to gather enough randomness. The output of head will be sent to tr. In order to select only alphanumeric characters for our password, we use '[:alnum:]'. Parameters -c selects the complement of alphanumeric characters and -d deletes them. cut does exactly what it says, -c-12 cuts after 12 characters with leaves us with a random password of length 12. Every time you execute this one-liner a freshly made random password is returned.
To extend the pool of possible symbols the manual of tr lists various sets of filtered symbols. In the case of a password generator, further sensible filters are '[:alpha:]' or '[:digit:]'. While '[:graph:]' is also viable in this case it returns one of the greater sets of symbols. Use it with caution, especially if you create passwords for database users. These might be terminated prematurely through ` or ' inside the returned string.