new article

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# A static site generator for blogs
+
+Create a directory in `blog/` and write markdown in an index.md file.
+
+To run the site dynamically use `start.sh`.
+to generate a static build use `freezer.py`.

blog/Restoring (NT)Backups From a SCSI Tape Drive/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+2023-09-27
+
+# Restoring (NT)Backups From a SCSI Tape Drive
+
+A stack of tapes is stapled on my desk. Alongside these tapes is a drive
+standing there,
+left over from another age of computing. A hefty brick, heavy and clunky.
+Turning it on reminds me how noisy computing once was.
+
+Taking a closer look provides the vendor and type, an HP Surestore DAT40.
+Of course, I want to take a look at the tapes. After installing a
+leftover SCSI card and connecting the drive the goal is to find out how to read and
+restore the unknown content the tapes provide.
+
+![A Surestore DAT40 Tape Drive standing on a table](../../static/images/surestore_dat40.jpg "SureStore DAT40")
+
+## Read From a Streaming Device
+
+---
+
+Listing SCSI devices shows that the HP DAT 40 is recognized as a streaming device.
+
+After the drive is connected there are at least two streaming devices in
+`/dev`, which are `/dev/st0` and
+`/dev/nst0`. The former rewinds automatically after reading, the latter stays
+on the block which was read.
+
+```sh
+lsscsi
+[1:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      ST1000DM003-1SB1 CC43  /dev/sda
+[5:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      KINGSTON SA400S3 B1D1  /dev/sdb
+[6:0:5:0]    tape    HP       C5683A           C305  /dev/st0
+[N:0:0:1]    disk    CT1000P1SSD8__1                            /dev/nvme0n1
+```
+
+Initially, I checked if the data could be extracted by the tar tool, but
+it was impossible to do so.
+The tape archive tool recognizes that the tape was not stored using `tar`, so
+the mystery continues. I have to try some other utilities, the `cat` doesn't
+cut it.
+
+```sh
+cat /dev/st0 > backup.iso
+cat backup.iso
+TAPE
+    xZ)2^
+         B<>Band erstellt am 26/10/00Microsoft Windows NT Backup (NTBACKUP.EXE) Version 1.0 Rev. 3.41%
+```
+
+Reading from `/dev/st0` provides the following output.
+Both tools, `dd` as well as `cat` stop reading after the first null byte. That
+means storing the tape can not be done in one single file.
+
+```sh
+dd if=/dev/st0 of=./extracted_backup ibs=256k count=1
+0+1 records in
+32+0 records out
+16384 bytes (16 kB, 16 KiB) copied, 0,411593 s, 39,8 kB/s
+```
+
+```sh
+cat ./extracted_backup
+TAPE0;S+L^
+          G(PMedium am 20.12.2001 um 10:27 erstelltMTF Media Label|1.0|Seagate|NTBackup5.0|2001/12/20.09:29:16|Seagate 2001/12/20.09:29:16|1|{CDD225CA-6A4F-44AB-A1FB-C2507BDB6EB0}||Microsoft Windows NT Backup (NTBACKUP.EXE) Version 1.0 Rev. 3.41SPAD=)%                                                               
+```
+
+A look at the output shows the tape contains an [NTBackup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTBackup).
+What is that, you might ask? At least I did. It is a proprietary protocol from, you
+guessed it, Microsoft. NTBackup.exe uses the Microsoft Tape Format (MTF) to put
+the  data on tape. The resulting backup file has a file suffix of `*.bkf`,
+which is recognized by NTBackup.exe if all goes well and no bits are flipped.
+
+I am intrigued, why am I not able to just read the data from the tape into a
+single file and extract the content? In
+order to process the backup data I have to find out some details about the
+status of the tape.
+
+## Tape Status
+
+---
+To gain some insights about the status of the tape I installed `mt-st`.
+
+```sh
+yay -Ss mt-st
+aur/mt-st-git 1.4.r10.gfbfd923-1 (+7 0.00)
+    Utilities for managing magnetic tape storage devices
+```
+
+The `status` command provides information about the tape inserted. When using
+`tar` to write the tape there usually is a block size in bytes, but not when using
+ntbackup. The block size is 0 bytes.
+
+```sh
+mt-st -f /dev/st0 status
+
+SCSI 2 tape drive:
+File number=0, block number=0, partition=0.
+Tape block size 0 bytes. Density code 0x13 (DDS (61000 bpi)).
+Soft error count since last status=0
+General status bits on (45010000):
+ BOT WR_PROT ONLINE IM_REP_EN
+```
+
+To simply check at which block the tape is currently I use the following command
+
+```sh
+mt-st -f /dev/st0 tell
+At block 0.
+```
+
+The last line displays the status information about the tape. Following the
+indicators, it is positioned
+at the beginning, it is write protected and ready to operate.
+
+| Status Bit | Description |
+|------------|-------------|
+| BOT |  The tape is positioned at the beginning of the first file.|
+| WR_PROT | The tape (or drive) is write-protected. For some drives this can also mean that the drive does not support writing on the current medium type.|
+| ONLINE |The drive has a tape in place and ready for operation.|
+| IM_REP_EN |  Immediate report mode. This bit is set if there are no guarantees that the data has been physically written to the tape when the write call returns. It is set to zero only when the driver does not buffer data and the drive is set not to buffer data.|
+
+It is all well and good but it does not solve the issue the sudden stop while reading the data.
+
+## Preparing for Backup Extraction
+
+---
+
+A shell script is needed to extract multiple parts and concatenate the
+resulting file. I found one at
+[108.bz](https://www.108.bz/posts/it/recovering-ntbackup-tapes/) that I modified. Now all extracted parts are merged into a single file. Here is the content of the script:
+
+```sh
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+for f in {1..20}
+do
+    dd if=/dev/nst0 of=tapeblock"$(printf "%06g" "$f").bin" ibs=16384
+done
+
+cat tapeblock* > "$(date +%F)"_"$(date +%T)"_tape_backup.bkf
+```
+
+It is time to make a coffee and to run the script in the meantime.
+
+```sh
+./read_blocks.sh
+1+0 records in
+32+0 records out
+16384 bytes (16 kB, 16 KiB) copied, 0,00643381 s, 2,5 MB/s
+112576+0 records in
+3602432+0 records out
+1844445184 bytes (1,8 GB, 1,7 GiB) copied, 405,47 s, 4,5 MB/s
+90+0 records in
+2880+0 records out
+1474560 bytes (1,5 MB, 1,4 MiB) copied, 0,258718 s, 5,7 MB/s
+148188+0 records in
+4742016+0 records out
+2427912192 bytes (2,4 GB, 2,3 GiB) copied, 516,446 s, 4,7 MB/s
+177+0 records in
+5664+0 records out
+2899968 bytes (2,9 MB, 2,8 MiB) copied, 0,409002 s, 7,1 MB/s
+0+0 records in
+0+0 records out
+0 bytes copied, 0,0042947 s, 0,0 kB/s
+dd: error reading '/dev/nst0': Input/output error
+[...]
+0+0 records in
+0+0 records out
+0 bytes copied, 0,000293704 s, 0,0 kB/s
+```
+
+There is a clear indication that this has been somewhat successfully read using
+`mt-st`, or at least the reading time was higher than just using `dd` or
+`cat` without the loop.
+The position of the block afterwards shows a positive result, too. That means progress.
+
+```sh
+mt-st -f /dev/nst0 tell
+At block 261032.
+```
+
+I do a rewind of the tape and eject it.
+
+```sh
+mt-st -f /dev/nst0 rewind
+
+mt-st -f /dev/nst0 tell
+
+At block 0.
+
+mt-st -f /dev/nst0 eject
+```
+
+## Extracting the NTBackup5 MTF Stream
+
+---
+
+At first, I tried to extract the files through the NTbackup tool inside a
+Windows 2000
+VM directly, but it did not recognize the *.bkf file correctly. Maybe it was
+the wrong version of ntbackup and/or Windows, who knows. I did a web search to
+find another approach to the challenge.
+
+![NTBackup.exe on Windows 2000](../../static/images/ntbackup.jpg "NTBackup.exe on Windows 2000")
+
+I found [mtftar](https://github.com/geocar/mtftar). This
+tool translates the NTbackup file stream so that it can be read by tar.
+
+> mtftar is a tool for translating a MTF stream to a TAR stream.
+
+```sh
+mtftar < Vollsicherung_20_12_01.bkf | tar xvf -
+
+[..]
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Badmail
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Drop
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Mailbox
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Pickup
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Queue
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/Route
+C:/Inetpub/Mailroot/SortTemp
+C:/Inetpub/scripts
+C:/Inetpub/wwwroot
+C:/Inetpub/wwwroot/default.asp
+C:/Inetpub/wwwroot/postinfo.html
+C:/Inetpub/wwwroot/_vti_inf.html
+[..]
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SimpleGraph
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SimpleGraph/example1.html
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SimpleGraph/GraphApplet.class
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SimpleGraph/GraphApplet.java
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SortDemo
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SpreadSheet
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SpreadSheet/Cell.class
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SpreadSheet/CellUpdater.class
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SpreadSheet/SpreadSheet.java
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/SpreadSheet/SpreadSheetInput.class
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/example1.html
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/TicTacToe.class
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/TicTacToe.java
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio/beep.au
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio/ding.au
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio/return.au
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio/yahoo1.au
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/audio/yahoo2.au
+C:/jdk1.1.8/demo/TicTacToe/images
+[..]
+```
+
+And there it is. The verbose output shows a lot of extracted files. Let's take a
+look at the version of Windows this backup contains.
+
+```sh
+cat backup/C:/WINNT/system32/eula.txt
+
+************************************************************************
+
+Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional    Lizenzierte Kopien: 1
+
+************************************************************************
+ENDBENUTZER-LIZENZVERTRAG
+************************************************************************
+```
+
+This took me longer than expected. Interacting with the tape is pretty
+straightforward on a Linux machine and the `mt-st` command. The nature of a
+tape drive
+was somewhat clear to me &ndash; you stream the data from beginning to end
+&ndash; but not how to handle the data on tape. The block size of 0
+in combination with stopping the tape read process after every null byte was an
+interesting fact to learn.

build/about.html

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     </head>
     <body>
         <div lang="en" class="content">
-My name is Stefan Friese. I am fascinated by computers since i first saw my Dad working on the ZX Spectrumn. For me, the greatest thing is to learn something new. I like music, engineering, art, design and security CTFs. I write blog entries on my journey, so I&rsquo;ll can look stuff up and share it with you and students at work.<p></p><div class="contact";><script  src="https://tryhackme.com/badge/502760"></script><p></p></div>
+My name is Stefan Friese. I am fascinated by computers since I first saw my Dad working on the ZX Spectrumn. For me, the greatest thing is to learn something new. I like music, engineering, art, design and security CTFs. I write blog entries on my journey, so I&rsquo;ll be able to look stuff up, remember and share it with you and students at work.<p></p><div class="contact";><script  src="https://tryhackme.com/badge/502760"></script><p></p></div>
 </div>
         <div id="footer">
             

build/index.html

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@
        <p>Welcome to my website</p>
        <span class="index">
        
+       <p><a href="/blog/Restoring%20(NT)Backups%20From%20a%20SCSI%20Tape%20Drive/index.html">2023-09-27&emsp;&emsp;Restoring (NT)Backups From a SCSI Tape Drive</a></p>
+       
        <p><a href="/blog/The%20Joy%20of%20One-Liners/index.html">2022-05-29&emsp;&emsp;The Joy of One-Liners</a></p>
        
        <p><a href="/blog/Keep%20It%20Simple/index.html">2021-06-01&emsp;&emsp;Keep It Simple</a></p>

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-/* .index { color: inherit; text-decoration: solid underline; } */
-/* .references { text-decoration: solid underline; text-underline-position: under; } */
-/* .contact{text-align: center;} */
-
-
-
 html *{ font-family: Dejavu Sans Mono, MesloGS NF, Menlo, Consolas, Monospace !important;}
 body {text-align: justify; max-width: 86ch; margin:40px auto; padding: 0 10px; text-decoration: none;}
 h1 { font-size: 28px; } 
-h2 { font-size: 22px; margin-bottom: 2px; }
+/* h2 { font-size: 22px; margin-bottom: 2px; } */
+h2 { margin-bottom: 0ch; margin-top: 3ch;}
 h2 a:link{ text-decoration: none; }
 h3 { font-size: 14px; } 
 p  { font-size: 16px; }
 blockquote { text-align: center; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; line-height: 30px;}
-pre { border: 1px solid #ddd; font-size: 14px; padding: 1ch; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; }
+pre { font-family: Dejavu Sans Mono, MesloGS NF, Menlo, Consolas, Monospace !important;border: 1px solid #ddd; font-size: 14px; padding: 1ch; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; }
 /* code { background-color: #282C34; color: #979FAD; } */
-code {padding-left: 0.5ch; padding-right: 0.5ch;}
+/* code {padding-left: 0.5ch; padding-right: 0.5ch;} */
 /* hr { height: 1px; border: 0px;} */
 a {color: inherit; text-decoration: solid underline;}  
-img { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 2ch; margin-bottom: 2ch;  padding: 1ch;}
+img { max-width: 100%; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 2ch; margin-bottom: 2ch;  padding: 0ch;}
 .menu { line-height: 1em; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; }
 .index { color: inherit; text-decoration: solid underline; }
 .references { text-decoration: solid underline; text-underline-position: under; }

templates/about.html

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     {{ super() }}
 {% endblock %}
 {% block content %}
-My name is Stefan Friese. I am fascinated by computers since i first saw my Dad working on the ZX Spectrumn. For me, the greatest thing is to learn something new. I like music, engineering, art, design and security CTFs. I write blog entries on my journey, so I&rsquo;ll can look stuff up and share it with you and students at work.<p></p><div class="contact";><script  src="https://tryhackme.com/badge/502760"></script><p></p></div>
+My name is Stefan Friese. I am fascinated by computers since I first saw my Dad working on the ZX Spectrumn. For me, the greatest thing is to learn something new. I like music, engineering, art, design and security CTFs. I write blog entries on my journey, so I&rsquo;ll be able to look stuff up, remember and share it with you and students at work.<p></p><div class="contact";><script  src="https://tryhackme.com/badge/502760"></script><p></p></div>
 {% endblock %}